The Lord Of The Flies: Summary :: The Lord of the Flies

The Lord of the Flies: Summary The epic Lord of the Flies by William Golding, an experience and anticipation story, is written in 1857. The story sets on an abandoned Pacific coral island. A gathering of school young men are marooned on this island after a plane accident out traveling to Australia. The story starts with an enormous number of school young men on a uninhabited tropical island and two of the senior young men who have administration characteristics contend to accomplish a similarity to arrange in order to endure. Ralph, who has discovered a conch what's more, blows it to call all the young men to a gathering, is worried about the well being of everybody, while Jack is increasingly worried about making rules and rebuffing guilty parties. Nonetheless, just one firm principle is set up by Ralph and that is as it were the individual holding the conch will be allowed to talk at gatherings. The two pioneers before long find that they don't care for one another due to their distinction needs and the contention starts between them. It causes the gathering to part into two, with Jack=s adherents being in the dominant part. Ralph is worried about structure covers, masterminding work and on being safeguarded however Jack just needs to wander the wilderness and chase. The inability to build up rules before long makes disarray and improper conduct energized by Jack. Ralph=s just supporter is Piggy, a fat asthmatic young men who no one prefers since he is continually addressing and censuring everyone=s conduct. Jack menaces him continually and different young men ridicule him. Jack and his supporters spend a large portion of their time chasing for wild pigs so Ralph=s endeavors to sort out the bunch come up short. At this point, a large portion of the more established young men are starting to act like savages, chasing wild pigs, going into a craze when they succeed and commend their murder with wild moving around a fire. One evening during an air-fight, a body of a parachutist arrives on the island and has gotten tangled on certain stones on the mountain. Talk of a Abeast@ on their island finds that the mammoth the parachutist yet sadly never has the chance to tell the others. He is confused with the mammoth and is incidentally executed during a wild festival feast that takes place after a fruitful chase by Jack and his adherents. Later on, Ralph=s last adherent is additionally slaughtered however not coincidentally. Ralph has lost every one of his adherents and is sought after by the other people who need to murder him. Will he endure? What's more, who is the Lord of the Flies? The story, brimming with anticipation and awfulness, catches my creative mind and my

Light experiment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Light test - Lab Report Example Presentation This task includes the investigation of Scenedesmus development conditions. Scenedesmus alludes to variety of the provincial green growth, with cell game plans of 4, 8, and 16 of every a column. It is a typical segment of new water tiny fish, which is most normally utilized in the exploratory motivations behind water contamination and photosynthesis. It is additionally significant during the time spent sewage decontamination since it discharges oxygen, which is vital for the breakdown of natural issue, thus ends the elements of unsafe substances. In this undertaking, we get the chance to investigate the development conditions and advancements. The fundamental components in test here will be light and pH since we found that the plant develops well under unbiased pH. The fundamental system in this venture is to grow one test set in direct daylight while the other will be puts under no daylight. The fundamental end will be founded on the development examples of both explora tory examples, and note the distinction in them. Materials and strategies Details on culture arrangement 50ml tapered 3D squares Number of recreates per treatment 4ml of starting society added to 16ml culture Gro (Carolina Biological) Algae developed .Scenedesmus (Carolina organic) Growth conditions The way of life will be natured in the development chamber for 18 hours, day and 6 hours night at 250 C The light levels in the chamber put at 300 mM photons/m2/sec2 Experiment medications One ought to portray the medicines and the levels to which they ought to get applied. Technique for estimations This area contains the subtleties of the materials utilized and a depiction of how the investigation is executed. From here, one can undoubtedly direct a similar test and present the outcomes for examination. Hemocytometers get utilized in computing the cell thickness/ml at a normal of four continuous checks. NB: Washed hands before dealing with any materials to abstain from defiling them. 1. Set up the magnifying lens and take an example of scenedesmus. 2. Decide the quantity of scenedesmus in 1 ml with hemocytometer. Make a point to twirl before taking example (three tally to get normal fixation). 3. Set up three replications for each treatment 20 ml all out volume; alter volume of development medium by (4 ml of green growth volume and 16 ml of treatment volume) in the test tubes 4. Compose the quantity of the gathering and starting of the gathering 5. Gap the item to three gatherings; three simples each gathering (the three gatherings low, medium, and high light). 6. Put the simples in the light fridge. 7. Partition the simples to low, medium, and high light. 8. Hold up three weeks to the item to develop. 9. Decide the quantity of scenedesmus. Results This segment contains the outcomes that were acquired from the test. The information is a short outline of the entire analysis. The information here is just referenced with no investigation given. The investigation gets dealt with in the following segment. Low Light Medium Light High Light 83 68 33 80 58 43 80 55 42 From the above information, we can recognize that the test was directed utilizing three societies. The introduction is done and the information per culture is introduced in the manner the acted in various light situations. The primary case is the test under low light conditions at that point followed by brings about the center light conditions lastly the outcomes acquired in high light, trial conditions. Be that as it may, in this examination we are for the most part going to utilize the information in low light conditions and the outcomes from the experimen

Bridger, James

Bridger, James Bridger, James, 1804â€"81, American fur trader, one of the most celebrated of the mountain men , b. Virginia. He was working as a blacksmith in St. Louis when he joined the Missouri River expedition of William H. Ashley in 1822. From that time until the fur trade declined in the 1840s he was a trader and trapper in the mountains, becoming familiar with most of the country N of Spanish New Mexico and E of California. He was associated with Thomas Fitzpatrick and Jedediah Smith in many of their journeys, and he is generally credited with being the first white man to see (1825) Great Salt Lake. He was the guide for the party of Marcus Whitman, and in 1843 he and a partner, Louis Vasquez, opened Fort Bridger on the Oregon Trail . They later were forced by the Mormons to give up the post. Bridger was a guide, notably to Gen. A. S. Johnston on the Mormon campaign in 1857, to an expedition to the present Yellowstone Park (a region he did much to publicize), and to the surveying party o f Gen. G. M. Dodge for the Union Pacific RR. He came to be famous for his talk, was a fine spinner of tall tales, and was one of the most picturesque figures of the frontier. See biographies by J. C. Alter (1925; rev. ed. 1962, repr. 1967), S. Vestal (pseud. of W. S. Campbell; 1946, repr. 1970), and G. Caesar (1961); B. De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri (1947). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Example Of Justifying A Value - 1814 Words

1.) The first example of justifying a value is when getting my car detailed. I am looking at market value, fair value and the utility factor for the services. This service satisfies the need and desire for a clean car to take clients out with, after it was dirtied by a tough winter. I compared prices for similar car detailing services, and asked around for referrals from several people. Of the two companies, one was recommended strongly. I saw examples of each work and agreed with the highly recommended company. In my opinion, the cost at the time was fair value and, compared to other detailers, was market value. The prices were advertised for a year without any price increase. The second example of justifying a value is when purchasing products from Starbucks Coffee. There is a slight influence upon me through the desire of my teenage daughter wanting to visit the coffee shop. With my effective purchasing power, and both our desire of a drink/coffee/treat once and a w hile, we will go to Starbucks. It is true that Starbucks is a Going Concern, and their prices are fair value compared to Timothies and Tim Hortons. I have joined their rewards program, which enables me to occasionally receive free or discounted drinks, as well as free refills. Starbucks, with the loyalty program, is an investment value to me. 2) In the City of Mississauga, lane use control in the area of Clarkson and Lorne Park have stemmed from Mississauga’s master plan. Zoning through the useShow MoreRelatedDoes the End Justify the Means?739 Words   |  3 PagesWrite a response to the question, Does the end justify the means? Give examples of when the ends justifies the means and when it doesnt. Post your response as a reply to this topic. Read others responses and feel free to comment on others threads and have an open discussion. The ends justifying the means is extremely difficult to generalize. The answer is much more complex than a simple yes or no. Quite often, if not most of the time, the end does not justify the means. But sometimes it canRead MoreEthical Leadership in the Master of Science Leadership Program776 Words   |  4 Pagesof two evils every day. These decisions can affect the person making the decision, their employees, and goals of the organization. There are many readings that describe ethics and leadership, but ethical leadership is basically knowing your inner values and having the courage to steadfastly live by them for the purpose of the common good. Southwestern Colleges Master of Science in Leadership program has given me a firm understanding of how important ethical reasoning is and how it impacts, goodRead MoreUsing Material from Item 2b and Elsewhere, Assess the Marxist View That the Main Role of the Family Is to Serve the Interests of Capitalism993 Words   |  4 Pagesthe inter ests of capitalism by maintaining and justifying class inequality and exploitation by the rich. Other groups, however, have different opinions, such as Functionalists who think that the family performs essential needs of society. Marxists and Functionalists opinions are completely contrasted, as Marxists think that we live in a Capitalist society based on unequal conflict between the classes, whilst Functionalists see society as based on â€Å"value consensus†, where everyone agrees. The familyRead MoreWhat Is Terrorism, Is It Wrong, And Could It Ever Be Morally Permissible?1530 Words   |  7 Pagesof terrorism is open, she makes her opinion clear that it is morally repugnant and anybody using this tactic has a heavy burden of justification. Jaggar’s account of terrorism has several advantages. Her account clarifies some distinctions. For example, she stated that terrorism is not a specific type of conflict, but rather a tactic that can be used in various types of conflict and in combination with other strategies. Terrorism may be used in combination with war, low intensity conflict, guerrillaRead MoreThe Ethics Of Eating Meat Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pageshow we process and consume our meats. We have become a selfish society that values our own convenience and affordability of meat rather than the consideration of the animal. This begs the question, is eating meat inherently wrong and should we forbid meat consumption under any and all circumstances? To fully address this issue, we must first define the moral status of animals. So, are animals equal to humans in worth and value and should they receive similar treatment? In our country, the scarcityRead MoreAnalysis Of John Orwell s Paradise Lost 882 Words   |  4 Pages But, in fact many aspects of a text communicate a message. Conventions of epics play a big role in sharing the message. One may not realize it while reading, but if one were to look at the list of these conventions, one would recognize multiple examples of conventions in different texts. While each text may not have the same message, they all utilize epic conventions to help communicate a specific message or lesson. In Paradise Lost, Milton effectively uses the conventions of epics to justify theRead MoreCapital Punishment : Imposition Of A Penalty Of Death By The State Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesbe wrongfully applied. This is rare but it does happen, the falsely incriminated is sentenced and executed. It is important that the government still uses capital punishment in today’s world, however, as insurance for public safety and a way for justifying murder. The process regarding the death penalty has come a long way since ancient times. Some of the most famous execution methods include: sawing, flaying, impalement, crushing, hanging, burning, and stoning (McDaniel 2015). These aren’t evenRead MoreJack Harkness, A Time Traveler847 Words   |  4 PagesJustified action occurs when the benefits of the goal significantly outweighs the moral costs of achievement. Additionally, the benefit must positively affect multiple people. Unlike Machiavelli stance, where personal power is worth any cost, the ends justifying the means is only true in regards to societal preservation. In the homeschool community, many people I knew where highly critical of Abraham Lincoln and his actions. I have had friends call him a monster, the worst president of the United StatesRead MoreAnimal Research : Is It Human Or Inhuman?1100 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Liberation (Ecco,2002), many experiments using animals are for an insignificant reason. For example , Singer illustrates an example of a dog undergoing varies shock from jumping to floors that each had the shock. Eventually, the dog stopped resisting, and thus researchers stated that the experiment should how to eliminate jumping in dogs. Singer saw this as up scoured and unnecessary. This example can be seen as psychological since it determines the behavior of dogs after an experiment. Now manyRead MoreAlgebra And Algebraic Thinking Sets Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesskills, strategies and ways of thinking will also be explored along with strategies for teaching the content effectively. Literature review (up to 800 words) Algebra is a critical aspect of mathematics which provides the means to calculate unknown values. According to Bednarz, Kieran and Lee (as cited in Chick Harris, 2007), there are three basic concepts of simple algebra: the generalisation of patterns, the understanding of numerical laws and functional situations. The understanding of these concepts

Sociological Imagination Was Coined By Sociologist C....

Sociological imagination was coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the ability to remove oneself from a given situation whether it affects your life or not personally and try to imagine the situation or conflict from a different perspective or more global view. It’s the personal perspective that affects our judgments, opinions and actions to a situation. Removal of the personal viewpoint gives us an unbiased way to make a decision that is fair. Removing past prejudices and mores that we are raised with can give us a completely different way of looking at the world. I am going to use this theory to examine my life as a homosexual. Personal Explanation I knew from the time I was 12 that I was attracted to females and not males. I grew up with 4 older brothers and just wanted to be one of the guys. I played sports and got dirty, unlike my sisters who danced and talked about boys. I remember over hearing my mom one day while watching a movie with a homosexual scene, how â€Å"gross and unnatural† that was. That pushed me even further into my closet. My parents were born and raised Catholics. My mom believed in a marriage between a man and a woman, and anything else was unnatural. She used to say that those were the poor choices people made. I focused my attention on school and sports and even got a job during high school just to keep me distracted and away from home. I figured the less I was around my family the less likely they would be to figure out my secretShow MoreRelatedSociological Imagination Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1138 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout our lives we encounter numerous personal troubles, no matter big ones or trivial ones. However, one may seldom relate their problems in a sociological level rather often try to ascribe the blame to their personal wrongs. In this essay I would introduce the topic of sociological imagination coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills, describing how personal matters have all sorts of interwoven relationships with social issues. It is also important to realize that there are distinctions betweenRead MoreThe Sociological Perspective Of Sociology963 Words   |  4 PagesAfter a careful study and a deeper research on an introduction to sociology, I have come to understand that no problem can be solved well enough if one does not have the sociological perspective which is defined as a way of looking at the world through a sociological lens. In fact, there is the need of the lens that will help one to view situations and have the eye to emerge through different views to solve that problem. This mirror has become a doorway tha t will help one to have a beginner’s mindRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The Nineteenth Century1357 Words   |  6 PagesIn the eighteenth and nineteenth century there was the Industrial Revolution which resulted in society basing their work and life more on factories and production instead of on agriculture . Alongside industrialisation came capitalism which had the aim of creating profit; urbanism which consisted of mass amounts of people moving from rural to urban areas; and liberal democracy which emphasised the citizenship rights of each person and how they could make decisions on how to change their country ratherRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination And Common Sense1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sociological Imagination was a term that was first coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills. It could be said that definition of The Sociological Imagination is having the ability to look beyond personal experience and realise that society is shaped by the cross over betwee n biography and history. Mills thought that everyone in society had the capability to think sociologically and that this was essential to gain a deeper understanding of both their society, and their current circumstance. ThisRead MoreSociology Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagesand a new awareness of society.† She adds that, â€Å"the term sociology was coined by a French social thinker Auguste Comte (1798-1857).† In the book, Thinking Sociology by Carl, sociology is defined as, â€Å"a science guided by the basic understanding that the social matters: our lives are affected, not only by our individual characteristics, but by our place in the social world.† Sociology should be studied using sociological imagination, â€Å"the ability to look beyond the individual as the cause for successRead MoreA Study Of The Development, Structure, And Functioning Of Human Society909 Words   |  4 Pagesand Public Issues). C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist, coined the term sociological imagination. Having this quality of the mind enables us to make sense of the intersection between history and biography and the relations between the two within society. This imagination is the â€Å"capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote transformations to the most intimate features of the human self† (Mills). Through the use of different sociologist’s sociological imagination, questions that aroseRead MoreThe Conflict Between Personal Experience And The Wider Society910 Words   |  4 Pageshas been a common and natural feature of a city throughout the world. While the public perceptions of these â€Å"undesirables† are lazy, dangerous, and ignorant, it is not solely their fault and choice to be on the streets. Sociological imagination, as coined and defined by C. Wright Mills, is â€Å"the vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society†. Simply put, it is the ability to interpret situations and circumstances in terms of social context and understand how theyRead MoreSociology as a Perspective 1332 Words   |  6 PagesSociologist argue that â€Å"the sociological perspective is a way of thinking; a form of consciousness that challenges familiar understandings of ourselves and of others, so we can critically asses the truth commonly held assumptions† (Micionis and Plummer 2008:10). This essay supports this statement by analysing and discussing the significance of sociological perspective in our everyday lives. According to Peter L. Berger sociological perspective is described as the link between societal events andRead MoreWhy You Are Performing Heart Surgery Or Scanning Grocery Items For A Living1665 Words   |  7 Pagessocialism. During industrial society, the rich upper class was called the bourgeoisie and the poor lower classes were called the proletariat. In this society, distinct economic and social classes were created by the forces of capitalism. Marx believed that this would eventually create a struggle between who rightfully possessed the means of production and those who provided labor for them. The proletariat’s most valuable asset, their labor, was the source for everything of value in society. However,Read Morecheat sheet1448 Words   |  6 Pages1. The sociological perspective, as a way of thinking about the world, includes the sociological imagination from C. Wright Mills, the beginner’s mind from Bernard McGrane, and the idea of culture shock from anthropology. Explain what all three of these concepts have in common. Response: All three of these concepts have in common are the idea of breaking down social barriers to gain a different perspective on culture people and behaviors. When a person is in a new area where the culture is different

Non Parametric and Chi-Square Distribution Free Essays

Individual Paper #3: Non parametric and Chi-square distribution Brief Summary: I worked for a logistic company. My major responsibility was in charge of the storage and transportation of parts of cars between two areas, which are about 1400 miles apart. One of my jobs is collecting the goods from suppliers and arranging the trucks to deliver them. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Parametric and Chi-Square Distribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are five truck drivers, and each of them is assigned to deliver on each weekday throughout a whole year. Before the delivery, we will check the quality of the goods and Make sure that there are no damaged goods. When arriving at the destination, the staff will check the goods again and record the damaged goods that occurred in transit. At the end of every month, we will pay for the compensation according to the number of the defective goods. In order to reduce the number of the damaged goods during the delivery, I want to identify the reasons why they are damaged. In this study, I want to find out that whether some drivers are more prone to make the goods damaged during their delivery. Variable to be measured: Two variables are to be measured. The first variable is just the five truck drivers, and the second one is the quality of the goods after the delivery. Determination of Population: Population in this case is defined as the all goods delivered from Tianjin area to Guangzhou area. Statistical method: To analyze relationship between the two variables above which are both nominal in terms of data type, I decide to use Chi-squared test of a contingency table. Sample Selection: The information about delivery is recorded in our computer system, including the delivery date, name of the driver, the number of damaged goods and so on. I take out the data about 52 weeks during the previous year and record them into the following table: | Quality| | Truck Driver| Passed| Damaged| Total| Driver A| | | | Driver B| | | | Driver C| | | | Driver D| | | | Driver E| | | | Total| | | | Hypothesis: The objective is to describe whether there is a relationship between the five drivers and the number of damaged goods. The null hypothesis will specify that there is no relationship between the two variables: H0 : The two variables are independent The alternative hypothesis specifies one variable affects the other, expressed as: H1 : The two variables are dependent Use the formula: ?2=i=1k(fi-ei)2ei ? =(r-1) (c-1) which calculates the test statistic. Or use the Excel by importing the data into the function of Data Analysis Plus, Contingency Table. Then I could acquire chi-squared Stat, p-value. The number of degrees of freedom v=(r-1)(c-1)=(5-1)(2-1)=4. If I employ a 5% significance level, the rejection region is X2 X2 a, v = X2 . 05, 4 = 9. 49 Comparing the results, if the p-value is greater than 9. 49, there is not enough evidence to infer that there is a relationship between the five drivers and the number of damaged goods; if the p-value is not greater than 9. 49, I can reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative, which means there is a relationship between the five drivers and the number of damaged goods. So I can reduce the number of damaged goods through improving the drivers’ conditions. How to cite Non Parametric and Chi-Square Distribution, Papers

Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology free essay sample

Where does Malinowskis conceptualization of participant-observation sit in the landscape of modern anthropological fieldwork? A primary objective of the modern ethnographer is to glean insights into the ways people relate to and interact with one another and the world around them. Through participant-observation, Malinowski (1922) offered a valuable tool with which to uncover these insights and understandings, the ethnographer. The ethnographer as research tool has become the basis of much modern anthropological research. As a method, it was a radical departure from the typical approach to fieldwork used in Malinowskis time which nvolved techniques that kept the ethnographer distanced and distinct from those they studied (McGee Warms, 2008). In his conceptualization of participant- observation, Malinowski identified three primary objectives for the fieldworker. First, to record the feel and flow of daily life as a member of the community; second, to create a framework of community organization based on a scientific perspective; and third, to collect detailed personal information particular to the community of study (Malinowski, 1922). We will write a custom essay sample on Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These goals and methodologies remain principal to the design and analysis of modern anthropological research. However, they also raise a number of questions about the practical, paradigmatic and ethical difficulties associated with anthropological fieldwork. Discussed below are the goals identified by Malinowski, some of the issues they raise, and how they have come to be interpreted within modern anthropological practice. The premise of participant-observation draws the researcher inside the daily life of those they study, with the many small experiences, interactions, intimacies and resulting integration providing an entr ©e into cultural life not afforded the lone observer or outsider. Malinowski took great pains to ensure hat he eventually came to feel part of the tribe, an insider, Joining in himself in what is going on rather than simply recording the proceedings (Malinowski, 1922, p. 21). Achieving insider, as opposed to outsider, status within a community of study is a primary goal for many anthropologists in the field. However, the concept of a dichotomous insider/outsider positionality is a complex issue that is coming under increasing scrutiny within the field (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). Malinowskis (1922) methodology of ethnographer as tool is based in two contradictory imperatives, each centered on location. First, the researcher must locate themselves intimately within the group under study in order to gain a complete and fleshed out account of community life and second, that it is not possible, when located within and as a member of a group, to have the necessary perspective to interpret community life (Malinowski, 1922). Claire Sterk (1996) challenges the ethnographer as insider viewpoint through her work with prostitutes in New York and New Jersey. Sterks own realization of her ability to extricate herself from the community and rejoin her own World, a world of safety and stability confirmed her status as outsider Sterk, 1996, p. 92). Nancy Kalow (1996) supports Malinowskis assertion of the importance of distance when analysing data. She reports her research experience something she only identified once she stepped outside of the role of participant- observer and became an observer of her data. This raises the issue of transition from participant-observer to observer/interpreter. By positioning oneself as interpreter or analyst, the researcher creates an academic distance from those they observe, voiding their participant status. Susan Krieger (1996) extends this argument hrough her experience as a functioning member of the community under study. Krieger found her membership identification did not automatically afford her insight into the group and, through her efforts to interpret data, she came to realize that she had become estranged from her participants and her study. It was only through a process of reengagement that she was able to again locate herself within the group and successfully analyze her data, a process at odds with Malinowskis second imperative (Krieger, 1996, p 183). Thus, Malinowskis ethnographer as tool is still a guiding principle of anthropological fieldwork. However, the location and position of this tool with relation to the community under study has evolved from Malinowskis limited perception of its scope. To simply be positioned right among the natives (Malinowski, 1922, p. 6) does not automatically provide the ethnographer with an insiders view. It is this realization that has shaped and is still shaping the way fieldwork in modern anthropology is approached. The focus of anthropology can also been seen to have evolved in terms of the premises upon which Malinowski based his anticipated outcomes of research when compared to those of modern ethnographers. The primary purpose of anthropological research identified by Malinowski was that of understanding tribal life objectively and scientifically, in terms of systems of social machinery and presenting this for consumption to a Western audience (Malinowski, 1922, p. 109; McGee Warms, 2008). This raises two issues apparent in modern anthropology. First, the relevance, usefulness and problematic nature of a purely objective paradigm within anthropology; and second, the motivations underlying anthropological research and fieldwork. Striving for the scientific view of things, a central tenet of Malinowskis (1922, p. ) anthropology, has been challenged by modern anthropologists. The challenge raises two primary questions. First, is it possible or useful within such a personal contextual field as anthropology to discount subjectivity as an authentic mode of analysis. Krieger (1996) identifies this as a problem inherent in the writing of social science and argues that through ethnography we are not writing about the other but, in fact, writing about the self. She also touches on the second question, from where have our acceptable scientific/ob]ective truths originated? The objective paradigm underlying ocial science denies self-expression, narrowing the scope of understanding to that ofa predominately male, middle-class, Western, academic one. This point appears to lie outside the realm of Malinowskis consideration and is indicative of his socio- historical epoch. The purpose of research for Malinowski (1922, p. 25) was to shed light on our own (Western) mentality, informing Western science and academia. While modern anthropology still endeavours to uncover systems and social structures it does so from the standpoint of advancement or empowerment of those communities it studies, not to exclusively inform Western science (Kirby, Greaves, Reid, 2006). For example, Annette Lareaus (1996) study seeks to reveal patterns of an intention to inform educational policy and effect change within schooling systems. Similarly, Sterks (1996) study of prostitutes examines the relationship between prostitution, drugs use and AIDS, searching for cross-cultural patterns in order to address the HIV/AIDS crisis. In this way, anthropology is still approached from a scientific paradigmatic orientation. However, what drives the research has changed. Considering the needs of the community, and how a study is designed to identify and ddress those needs, has become a powerful impetus for anthropological research. Thus, while modern anthropology shares a similar scientific goal with Malinowski, the goalposts have shifted. The question of who benefits from anthropological study has become an important consideration for any modern anthropological researcher (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). This leads the discussion to the issue of ethics. Malinowskis (1922, p. 24) third goal involves collection of ethnographic statements to be used as documents of native mentality. These documents consist of information that is personal and belonging to those of whom he is studying. At no time during Malinowskis description of ethnographic methodology does he address the ethical issues of participant consent, or to what extent his role as researcher will affect the community he is studying. These are all areas of central importance and concern for the modern anthropologist (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). Before undertaking any anthropological study, it is standard modern practice to obtain consent from those that are being studied. In her study involving school children, parents, teachers and administrators, Lareau (1996) describes in detail the difficulties nherent in this process, but also recognizes that it is a necessary component of fieldwork. The extensive trail of consent outlined by Lareau (1996) raises questions identified by Philippe Bourgois (1991) that are yet to be answered how far back does the line of consent extend? And how does consent, with regards to participant- observation, colour the relationship between observer and observed? These questions are closely related to the role of researcher and their effects on the community which are highlighted by Sterk (1996), who describes grappling with how involved she is willing to become with her participants and how involved her articipants have already become with her. One ethical dilemma identified by Sterk (1996) is that of her role as researcher and what responsibility that carries in terms of intervention. Sterk (1996) cites the dilemma of if and how to intervene when participants who are known to be sharing hypodermic needles are also HIV positive. She cannot address this ethical dilemma other than to retreat to the role of outsider, researcher, ethnographer. This problem is explored by Nancy Scheper-Hughes (1995). Through her work in the field, she raises important questions about the ethnographers role within the community. She argues that one must be willing to contribute and give back to the community, not from the perspective of what the anthropologist identifies as the needs of the community, but what the community itself identifies. These ethical questions and difficulties do not lie within the scope of Malinowskis consideration and highlight the progressive nature of ethnography as a mode of cultural and social (human) analysis. Participant-observation, as Malinowski (1922) conceptualized it, was a process through which the ethnographer entrenched themselves in the daily life and living of the community under study. To grasp the (1922, p. 23) used to summarise this approach to anthropological research. This ideology has shaped modern ethnography more than almost any other influencing factor to date and provides the framework for modern ethnography. However, Malinowskis vision is one that is situated within the colonial, ethnocentric and localized milieu of his time. Anthropology and the world as we know it today has, in many ways, moved on from a perspective that privileges a solely Western view. It now seeks a richer insight into the ways of others by situating the self as other, outsider, intruder, subject. The difficulty of becoming a true insider looms large for ny ethnographer in the field, even when the field is situated within ones own community. The scope of expected outcomes of anthropological research and ethnography has changed considerably since Malinowskis (1922) study of Trobriand Islanders. The purpose of his study can be seen as solely to inform Western culture, not as a way of informing or effecting change for those of whom he studied. Today, participant-observation and ethnography are increasingly becoming based on understanding and knowledge relating to effecting positive change within the community of study. Through ethnography the anthropologist, community and wider ocio-political powers become informed in ways that are designed to benefit those they study. Finally, an area that reveals itself through its omission from Malinowskis work is the ethical issue of subject participation in ethnographic research. The concern of ethical fieldwork has become of paramount importance within anthropological research and has serious ramifications in terms of subject consent and the changing role of researcher within the field. In conclusion, Malinowski was a man who, in many ways, was ahead of his time. His contribution to ethnographic method in anthropological research is arguably the most important thus far. However, as peoples understanding and expectation of social science and cultural difference expands, the way in which participant-observation is interpreted also expands and evolves into something that Malinowski may have found difficult to conceive. Malinowski provided a solid framework upon which todays anthropologists can weave a new interpretation to address an ever changing world of humanity. References Bourgois, P. (1991). Confronting the Ethics of Ethnography: Lessons from fieldwork in Central America. In F. Harrison (Ed. ), Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving further toward an anthropology of liberation.