The Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 1515 Words

Research Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refused to accept surrender after the first nuclear attack and on August 9, 1945, the second atomic bomb was dropped over Nagasaki resulting in an additional 80,000 casualties of the Japanese population. The people of Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945 soon after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many people opposed to the use of the atomic bombs because people argued that Truman s decision to use atomic bombs was a barbaric act and believed the bombings were simply unnecessary. People also argued that the US government had other ulterior motives to drop the atomic bomb, other mot ives like presenting The Soviet Union a strong message for the Soviets to watch their step around America. But Truman stated after the incident that his decisions to drop the atomic bombs were purely military. He said that a Normandy-type battle for Japan s surrender would have costed many more American lives. Truman and others believed that the bombs saved American lives but also Japanese lives. TheseShow MoreRelatedAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 Pagesdropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an understanding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine that the use of the bomb was th e quickestRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1302 Words   |  6 PagesAllies almost one week after being hit with two atomic bombs. On August 6, 1945 during World War II an American B-29 bomber dropped the world s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city Hiroshima, wiping out 90 percent of the city and killing 80,000 people immediately. Three days later a second B-29 dropped another atomic bomb on the Japanese city Nagasaki, killing around 40,000 people. (The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) The Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings were necessary because it played aRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki884 Words   |  4 PagesFearful cries spread through the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the atomic bombs were dropped. Thousands of people were killed instantly, with the rest left critically injured. Eventually, it was measured that 135,000 people were killed as a result of these bombs. We know that many people were killed. But how and why were t he atomic bombs created? Who decided to use them? These questions all contribute to the fact that the atomic bombs impacted the world greatly. It all started when WorldRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II was a controversial decision that was made by President Truman. On August 6, 1945, President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and three days later a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. It brought an end to the bloody war in the Pacific after 4 years. Making Japan surrender in the face of unimaginable force and significant destruction on Japan’s soil. Nevertheless, Truman’s decisionRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1764 Words   |  8 Pagesmake the decision to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki however, President Truman was ultimately the man who made the final decision to launch ‘Little Boy’ and destroy Hiroshima, Nagasaki and their civilians, thus forcing an end to the war. Although there were many alternatives presented to President Truman, it is unknown as to whether they would have actually succeeded in ending the war or producing less casualties. Truman made the decision to drop these bombs in the heat of war but his justificationRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1364 Words   |  6 PagesOn the 6th of August 1945 America dropped the atomic bomb by the name of ‘Little Boy’ dropped by the plane ‘Enola Gay’ on the Japanese city, Hiroshima. Three days later on the 9th of August America dropped another bombed called, ‘Fat Man’ on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. A surrender was received and accepted by America on the 15th of August and the war against Japan had ended. Harry S. Truman, the man responsible for dropping the bombs claims it ended the war more efficiently and was in fact theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was leftRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1074 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher beli eves that he madeRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1998 Words   |  8 Pagesto drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Joon Jung 2/21/16 Word Count: 1848 Section A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources Research Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyedRead MoreAtomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1902 Words   |  8 Pagesthe United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and three days later dropped another on Nagasaki. This was a significate point in history because there has never been a bomb of this magnitude being use in an urban industrial area. Ultimately the use of the atomic bomb resulted in Japan’s surrender, which aided the allies in drawing closer to ending the war against the Axis Powers. Due to the massive destruction industrially and urbanely the use of the atomic bomb has always been questioned.

Religious Institutions And Personal Devotions - 985 Words

In my initial position paper, I differentiated between faith, works, and religion, and concluded that the academic study of religion is similar to the academic study of other cultural identities, such as race and gender. What I failed to understand, however, was how complex the boundary between religious institutions and personal devotions really was. Popular religion, as I have come to learn, assumes qualities of both public and private worship and belief and illustrates a far greater struggle than I was able to detect. This struggle is that between the individual person, the community, and the institution. Therefore, the anthropology of religion is a field that seems to be characterized largely by studies of self, collective, and power, rather than the more simplistic set, as I defined it originally, of self, other, and ritual. To approach the field in this way, we will analyze Latin American popular religion. I will first distinguish between the self and the collective, showi ng how the latter is a collection of many individuals, but also in a dynamic relationship with the beliefs of its members. This relates to the concept of power, as both parties involved exert some degree of control over the other. Consequently, I will then address the power of the institution and the relationship that it has over the worshippers. As such, I hope the thesis that the anthropology of religion seems to be largely defined by interactions of self, collective, and power will beShow MoreRelatedReligion is a institution that is or is not fixed and can exist independently from a constituents800 Words   |  4 PagesReligion is a institution that is or is not fixed and can exist independently from a constituents or members. Those constituents get involved by attending its services, volunteering in projects, and serving in its administrative offices. Religions can have a very small and very large memberships, because they do not depend on the members in order to be conside red a religion. Religious institutions teach basic beliefs and practices, and expect all members to abide by their institutional guidelines(LundskowRead MoreThe Plight Of Modernity And The Social Conditions Associated With Modern Forms Of Capitalism1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe works of Marx and Weber. For these theorists, religious institutions serve important roles in understandings of how societal changes emerge. However, their understandings of how religion relates to social change are vastly different. This is the result of fundamentally different assumptions underlying their particular theories. Within Marx’ understanding of religion, ideologies of religious institutions, along with all other social institutions, are based on the economic relations found in societyRead MoreEssay on Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal564 Words   |  3 PagesWestern Society. It is widely recognized as a ritual between both man and woman. Marriage is deemed as a holy matrimony meant to publically announce a commitment between two heterosexual individuals. For many traditional reasons and religious beliefs the institution of marriage has been denied to homosexuals. Publically opposing the idea of marriage by homosexuals openly shows bias towards equality of citizens under the law and places heterosexuals and homosexuals on separate planes as human beingsRead More Hinduism Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pageshymns were composed. These hymns, called Vedas, were composed by different Brahman priests and were orally passed down between the generations. They contained knowledge that was consid ered useful at the time and were not based on just one persons religious belief. The Vedas told the spiritual thoughts of the Aryas who lived in India (Craig, A., Graham, W., Kagan, D., Ozmet, S., Turner, F., 2011). The Vedas were categorized into four primary groups. Rig Veda contained hymns or mantras to GodRead MoreEssay about The Romans and Christianity979 Words   |  4 PagesThen and now religions shared common dimensions that provide society with a doctrine, narrative, ethics, ritual, experience and a social institution. These six dimensions that Ninian Smart derived spell out the framework for comparative study of religions1. The six dimensions hold true when comparing the daily routine Roman religious thought to modern Christianity. Interwoven into the core of both cultures is a strong unifying spirit that built a strong communal bond for its people. For the RomansRead MoreChallenges facing youths today1513 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Challenges Facing the Youth in Today’s Society Most of the problems facing today’s youth are not restricted to any one ethnic or religious group, but affect young people generally. Most discussions on youth have focussed on issues such as drug abuse, crime, violence, sexuality and poverty. In addition to these, today’s youth are afflicted by new challenges. These include: 1. An Identity Crisis: Who am I? 2. Lack of self confidence and low self esteem: I am worthless 3. A sense of hopelessness:Read MoreMax Weber was the Father of Modern Sociology807 Words   |  3 Pagesdied in 1920, after contracting the Spanish flu. His final manuscript was unfinished, although it was edited in 1922 by his wife and published. Weber’s â€Å"ideal type† is not something that is real. It is a concept that he uses when looking at institutions in their purest form and purest state. When looking at bureaucracies he uses this methodology of ideal type in determining what makes them successful, what they are and what they should be. The theory of â€Å"ideal type† is used as a measuring stickRead More Home-Schooling Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesnext level of learning, where they might fall behind in a public learning institution. The parent(s) could offer the child extremely individualized attention that is much harder to find in a public school with large numbers of students, many who also have special needs. Home schooling is also a good choice for family?s who want to truly have control over what their children are taught. Possibly more religious families would want to make sure that in addition to the subjects they haveRead MoreThe Idea Of Secularization As A Concept Of Society1590 Words   |  7 PagesOver the past few decades, many theories have evolved around the idea of secularization as a concept in society. The secularization thesis refers to ‘the process by which sectors of society and culture are removed from the domination of religious institutions and symbols’. (Rosta, 2009, chapter 14) Berger was a strong component to the secularization thesis that conducted many studies and developed theories that have been countlessly cited and critiqued. He believed that, in the face of modernityRead More Hasidic Judaism Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesJews have never been without conflict or disagreement amongst its people. Schisms amongst Jews over long periods of time have led to a branching out of sects and Jewish institutions. What led to the separation of denominations within was a fundamental disagreement on the interpretation and implementation of Halakah (Jewish religious law). Before the 18th century there was little differentiation between sects of Judaism; Jewry was based on Talmudic and Halakhic study and knowledge. Constructed as an

Machinery Of The Fume Scrubber Engineering Essay Free Essays

The geographic expedition in this undertaking evolves about the designing of the components in the machinery of the FUME SCRUBBER in the present twenty-four hours universe. Furthermore, the principal characteristics besides include significance of fume scrubber and its applications in the modern epoch. At the same minute is besides reveals about the facts of distinct parts of the machine and the operation of the machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Machinery Of The Fume Scrubber Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Following, it besides explores the design computations in order for the successful completion of the undertaking. It besides does include information about the basic survey of the Fume Scrubber that how it is created. The research besides reveals about the distinguishable types of smoke scrubbers available in today ‘s period. Consequently, it besides comprises of the CAD Model of the needed Fume Scrubber via utilizing PRO-E. In add-on, the theoretical account was re-done in order to obtain the Computation Fluid Dynamic Analysis for the flow of fluids inside the Fume Scrubber. As a consequence, of the applications, as elaborated in the undermentioned study the FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS has besides been justified. Therefore, the undertaking FUME SCRUBBER is illustrated in this study with the easiness of CAD Model. Introduction In the modern universe today, promotion in engineering via industries is at its highs. This sweetening of universe has its ain advantages and disadvantages. The advantages consider the amenitiess of the world and the possible disadvantage is menace to conventional environment conditions. Therefore, the endurance of world is influenced by the environment and hence, protection of the environment is of extreme importance in today ‘s epoch. As a effect, FUME SCRUBBER has been introduced to protect the nature from the harmful milieus created due to human activities ( e.g. mineral extraction, metal processing etc ) Mounting pollution of the environment from industries has anticipated to the speedy augment in environmental wellness and authorities ordinances, the milieus are really parlous for the species on Earth to digest, hence to heighten the environmental conditions the subsequent smoke scrubber were utilised. Scrubbers are intended to proficiently extravagancy and extinguish toxic exhausts from the concern bring forthing toxic gases which bring about decrease in ozone bed and green-house consequence. Scrubbers are miniature in volume and can be positioned where appropriate. Making usage of a typical tubing surrounded by a tubing propose, it has been built from plastic acid and base immune stuff that permits it denominate expeditiously indulged and extinguish up to 95 % of fumes gases. The specifications of the fume scrubber discussed in this study comprise of: – Large figure of holes for spraying the liquid 289cm tallness of the scrubber 143litres/min scouring liquid flow 5.08cm tubing OD Scrubbers are significantly utilized in industrial furnaces, hotel, chemicals procedure works, fabric Millss, boilers, metalworks and cement workss. In add-on, they are operated in air pollution monitoring equipments, allied industries and vacuity wadding. Scrubbers have apparent advantages which consist of: – Low force per unit area depletion and least energy necessity Easy flexibleness and high turn down Maintenance free and noiseless operation No adult male power required Therefore, the undermentioned study would find the operations of the fume scrubber, ways of bettering its design in an effectual method and depicts the efficient disposal of the undertaking. The study will show the design process followed in planing the FUME SCRUBBER and it will demo the consequences of CFD analysis and FEA analysis every bit good as discoursing ways of bettering the public presentation. Besides, its constituents aid in adept apprehension of the operation and applications of the fume scrubber. Therefore, the undermentioned study makes possible in emerging out the successful completion of the marks. Aims/objectives The main purpose of the undertaking ( FUME SRUBBER ) is to plan the constituents that exist in the machinery of Fume Scrubber. In add-on, analyzing the importance of Fume Scrubber and its applications in the existent universe are besides the chief characteristics of the undertaking. The undertaking design can be achieved via design computations which can farther be accomplished after the research about the machinery is carried out. Therefore, the research work involves the survey of distinct parts of the machine and the operation of the machinery. Consequently, the design computation leads to the preparation of the needed CAD theoretical account of the machine. Furthermore, enhanced analysis is carried out via executing the Finite Element Analysis of the system as the effects of lading are studied on the components of the setup. As a concluding point, the Computational Fluid Dynamics is besides involved to analyze the consequence of air flow in the Fume Scrubber. Last, the applicatio ns of the fume scrubber are to be elaborate via explicating the advantages of FUME SCRUBBERS in the industry. Design and Application of Fume Scrubber There are assorted types of designs available in the industry for different applications. The primary aim of the fume scrubber is to undertake the caustic exhausts, moist gases and air flows with dust nowadays in an industrial environment. There are three chief types of designs that have been developed in order to undertake the issue of remotion of contaminated air by purification procedure utilizing the appropriate fume scrubber. These are as listed below: Impingement Plate Scrubbers Packed bed Scrubbers Venturi Scrubbers Impingement Plate scrubbers are the scrubbers in which gas is passed vertically through all right perforations in a home base and is collided on marks and contacted with H2O or any other liquid fluxing horizontally across the home base. Pressure bead is one of the premier factors that determine the pick of scrubber. The figure and types of phases in home base scrubbers are specially designed to the conditions ; nevertheless these can be modified depending on alteration in the conditions or demands. Packed bed scrubbers are designed in such a manner that flow of gas rises, counter current to the flow of the scouring liquid through a jammed tower type construction, in which the taint or purification procedure takes topographic point. These types of scrubbers are besides designed in a horizontal alliance. The horizontal designed is used where multiple phase scouring is required or besides used in countries with less ceiling tallness. Venturi Scrubbers consists of an external venture subdivision which is designed to increase the speed of the incoming air before the air is combined with the scouring liquid and centrifuge where the remotion of contaminations take topographic point and hence sublimating the air. This type of scrubber is applied in procedures where condensation of liquid is present or metallic bluess are present or in the presence of chemical reaction which subsequently consequences in production of toxic exhausts for illustration ammonium chloride. Particle aggregation chiefly takes topographic point due to impaction as the fumes gas which is exhausted from the procedure and base on ballss through spray. The turbulency happening due to this causes the atoms to come in contact with the wet droplets and hence get collected. The efficiency of aggregation of atom additions with the nozzle force per unit area increasing which gives rise to an addition in liquid to gas ratio. This will besides ensue in an addition in force per unit area bead, which once more causes a rise to coerce bead. This type of scouring system has some restrictions every bit good such as care job. Venturi scrubbers are subjected scratch job in the high-speed countries such as the recess and mercantile establishment. 3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Scrubber In order to compare the scrubber in footings of working phenomena, the device is usually compared and evaluated with fabric filters and Electrostatic precipitators. The advantages of the scrubber over this device are as listed in the tabular array on the following page: Advantage Disadvantages Can work at high temperatures, high humidness Gas Streams Prone to corrosion Minimal exposure to fire and explosive jeopardies Requires High Power Can roll up both gases and particulate affair Water disposal jobs No Secondary dust beginning Difficult merchandise recovery. Requires minimal infinite compared to other control devices Vertical clip demands height clearance Table Advantages and Disadvantages of Fume Scrubber 3.2 Construction Materials As corrosion is one of the major job that could impact the systems behavior, the building of the scrubber is done chiefly in many different stuffs runing from Fibre reinforced plastic, PVC, CPVC, Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Mild steel, Stainless Steel, FRP-lined mild steel, nickel metals and aluminum. The building stuff choice procedure is based on the demands and design footing provided by the client. 3.3 Suitable Applications Scrubbers can put to death the riddance of acidic, alkalic, soluble organic gasses, bluess, and odours get downing a gas watercourse. The jammed bed engineering scouring comprises the widest array of vapor and gas scouring maps. When fabrication of smoke scrubbers, it permit to choose the finest stuffs of production, in add-on to choose the finest wadding for the intent. Fume scrubber designed for the subsequent intents: Metal Pickling Lines Chemical Cleaning/Milling Lines Acid Etching Lines Acid /Chemical Bulk Storage Solvent Bulk Storage Metal Finishing Lines Metal Plating Lines Chemical Mixing Operations Chemical Processing Equipment Food Processing Pharmaceutical Blending Pharmaceutical Production 3.4 Efficiency Scrubbers include a acute measure of vigorous surface country with arbitrary dumped packing. The packing stuff elected is sourced on the maps ; attesting that it rupture the liquid watercourse into legion, smooth surface movies that generate in-depth gas/liquid familiarity at a low force per unit area diminution. In the class of procedure, gas watercourses rises by agencies of a jammed bed although scouring liquid class down ( by gravitation ) over the packing stuff. The counter-flow lineations standard beliefs most favorable mass transportation. 3.5 Benefits of Fume Scrubbers: Very Small Footprint Ease of Installation Variable Packing Height Local or Remote Blower Local or remote control panel Multiple Phases Height A ; Width Flexibility Significance of fume scrubber It is an air pollution control device that utilizes an inordinate energy liquid spray in order to eliminate aerosol and gaseous pollutants get downing an air watercourse. However, the gases are removed in two ways which are: – By soaking up Chemical reaction Gass are discharge from the burning procedure is conceded by agencies of armored combat vehicle enveloping a lime substance acknowledged as limestone slurry which can restrict and antagonize the S dioxide. Engineers concept and saddle horse high competency, depleted continuance smoke exhaust systems proposed to extinguish H2O soluble contaminations through gas soaking up and mechanical encroachment. These units can be standard-sized or usage built with the purpose of correspond to infinite and height boundaries or outline disposition. Appropriate smokes control setup in add-on necessitates the appropriate mechanism and system incorporation to be the chiefly efficient. In add-on to it, declaration to fume and wash up jobs by agencies of: Entire system design and integrating Automated pH control Performance information for air licenses Professional installing by experient applied scientists Extensive experience in system design Choice of proper stuffs of building Utilize high public presentation Lamtec wadding Flexibility in taking constituents for best public presentation Fume Scrubbers propose: Translating elements in gas watercourse into more effectual substances Geting rid of atoms from gas watercourses A choice of sizes, with the criterion sizes being: 24 † , 30 † , 36 † , 48 † and 60 † diameter scrubbers. Fabrication of both perpendicular and horizontal scrubbers harmonizing to your demands. Materials of creative activity utilised fluctuate depending on the chemical and procedure environments necessitated Fume scrubbers assembled are individually fabricated to extinguish mist, entrained liquid atoms, noxious caustic gases and bluess from the exhaust air watercourse. A jammed bed utilizing Lintec wadding is the bosom of the scrubber. Pollutant gases can normally be eliminated to any needed soaking up to convene confined air pollution ordinances. The pollutants are eliminated by agencies of the followers: Gas Absorption – toxic or otherwise unwanted gasses are captivated into the liquid section. Impingement – Particulate affair is eliminated by agencies of encroachment in the map of it is foremost forced by agencies of a moist packed bed and so by agencies of a stripe blade or mesh tablet filters subdivision. Equations used in fume scouring: The gases normally scrubbed include HCl produced from metal pickling. This is removed by a neutralization reaction with sodium hydrated oxide. The reaction is shown below: Another common smoke gas is azotic oxide every bit good as other N oxides. These will usually respond with the O in the air and the H2O vapor to organize azotic acid. Since it is acidic, azotic acid can be scrubbed by utilizing base. Nitrogen oxides tend to be produced from burning reactions. The reaction for this is: The merchandises of the scouring are so dissolved in the H2O and taken off from the air. Another common pollutant is sulphur dioxide. This is a gas that is produced by assorted industrial procedures such as doing semiconducting materials, batteries, and burning of sulfur incorporating fossil fuels. This gas, like N oxides, dissolves in H2O to organize sulfuric acid which is scrubbed with the usage of base. The undermentioned chemical reactions are known to take topographic point. A closely related pollutant is hydrogen sulphide gas. This is treated in a similar manner to sulfur dioxide. The chemical reactions speaking topographic point in the fume scrubber are: The salt merchandise of the reaction is taken off with the H2O therefore liberating the air from the H sulfide gas. One common gas is carbon dioxide gas. This is produced chiefly by burning and when heating carbonates. It is responsible for planetary heating and can be removed by change overing it into a carbonate that can be dissolved off from the air by the H2O. The chemical used is sodium hydrated oxide and the merchandise of the reaction is baking sodium carbonate, Na carbonate. The reaction is: Unburned hydrocarbons are besides an issue. These are dealt with by oxidizing them utilizing hydrogen peroxide or carboxylic acids. The merchandises are carbon dioxide and H2O. These can be farther scrubbed to bring forth carbonates to acquire rid of the C dioxide. The equations are: And Type of scrubber Wet scrubber A development of pollution manipulates engineering. The chief principal of operation of the moisture fume scrubber is the usage of liquids in wetting the air fluxing indoors. The contaminations will fade out into the liquid thereby traveling from the gas stage to the liquid stage. The air that leaves the scrubber is well cleaner than that air which entered it. The wet fume scrubber is able to command the flow of many pollutants including acids and the acidic gases e.g. HCl, SO2 etc that are produced from the assorted industrial procedures when handling metals. Wet scrubber is operated to scour assorted pollutants for case air and dust atoms. The operation of wet scouring involves contact of particulate affair along with the scouring solution for case H2O, complex solutions of reagents that peculiarly aim for house compounds. In add-on to this, the efficiency of the fume scrubber must be high to take all or bulk of the pollutants. In order for this to be achieved, the following techniques could be implemented: Increasing abode clip in the scrubber Increasing the surface country of the scrubber ‘s solution utilizing spray nose, packed towers. Bettering the soaking up of contaminations by taking an appropriate liquid There are two chief types of moisture smoke scrubbers. The first 1 is the venture nozzle type and the 2nd 1 is the jammed bed fume scrubber. An illustration of a wet fume scrubber is shown in figure 1 below. Mention: – Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L A ; Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) : Wet Scrubber. USA: Human Press Inc Figure 1, an illustration of a wet fume scrubber [ 1 ] The venture type moisture fume scrubber uses a individual nose to spray the liquid at really high force per unit area into the reaction chamber. The high force per unit area flow is aimed at the bottleneck of the chamber which is the venture subdivision. An of import and desirable effect of this manner of operation is that the venture wet fume scrubber does non necessitate the usage of a fan or a blower to travel and go around the air in the system as the force per unit area distribution creates the forces necessary for this to go on. Because of this, the venture type moisture fume scrubber is besides called ouster venture scrubber. Another of import facet of the operation is that this type of wet fume scrubber can non straight take contaminations and exhausts with atom sizes less than a micrometer. Since the ouster venture wet fume scrubber relies on the force per unit area and turbulency to blend the air and the liquid together, so an addition in force per unit area which leads to an addition in turbulency will maximize the commixture of the two flows ( the contaminated air and the liquid ) therefore taking to an addition in efficiency. The 2nd type of wet fume scrubber is known as the jammed bed moisture fume scrubber. Here a blower is used to coerce the air with contaminations to travel to the commixture chamber where the pollutants are removed. This type of wet smoke scrubbers requires less energy to run. However, it can non take atoms less than 5 microns in size. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Dry scrubber Dry scrubbers comprises of a chemical interpolation zone followed by manner of a reaction zone where the pollutant in the gas kernel treated counters with the base. Dry scouring involves two criterion procedures which are at present utilised in industries. First, a dry soaking up which introduces powered alkali soaking up agent addicted to foul gas watercourse. Second, semidry ; this instills resolute slurry into the contaminated gas watercourse and eliminates the liquid by agencies of vaporization, separating the vigorous, dry base soaking up agent. Both the procedures mentioned above eradicate base agent with an electrostatic precipitator. [ 4 ] Mention: – Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L A ; Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) : Dry Scrubber. USA: Human Press Inc Structures of smoke scrubbers Vertical smoke scrubber The perpendicular assembly is a counter-flow type with contaminated gas traveling upwards and reticulating liquid spraying downward into the mixing country. Gaseous contaminations are absorbed by the liquid due to solubility degrees or by chemical reaction. Counter-flow scrubbers can hold higher remotion efficiency than a Horizontal Packed Bed Scrubber. The perpendicular counter-flow design typically provides the best scrubbing efficiency of bluess and is the most common design found in most industries. Figure 2 below shows an illustration. Figure 2 a perpendicular packed bed fume scrubber Horizontal smoke scrubber This is a cross-flow design where the scouring liquid flows vertically downwards while the gas passes horizontally through the wadding commixture subdivision. A Horizontal Packed Bed Scrubber is used when limited headway is an issue at a installation or when low profile is desired for roof-top applications. Multiple phases can be easy provided in one lodging with separate sumps and pumps if required. The cross-flow design is less susceptible to bed fouling for airstreams that may incorporate solid particulate. Figure 3 A horizontal packed bed fume scrubber Component of fume scrubber RECIRCULATING Tank CONVERGENT TOP CONE Scrub Tank MIST ELIMINATOR RECIRCULATING Pump Motor WITH BLOWER NOZZLE PIPE HOOD / DUCT Function of constituent RECIRCULATING Tank: – Bacillus A Figure Water armored combat vehicle in a fume scrubber It comprises of combination of legion chemical intents for scouring process and H2O provender in the function of put in for the unneeded elements to repair downwards which has been set away through mercantile establishment port. It is utilised to allow efficient use of the trustee. In this undertaking H2O is utilized in such a manner that it will blend with the dust atoms coming from the recess and will settle at the underside of the armored combat vehicle. The armored combat vehicle has a drainage mercantile establishment which will be used when the armored combat vehicle requires emptying and cleaning procedure. This is denoted by missive A in the above figure Letter B denotes at the mercantile establishment of the H2O armored combat vehicle, which is connected to the recirculating pump. This so drives the H2O upward which will be sprinkled in the scouring armored combat vehicle as explained subsequently. Convergent Top cone: – Figure Convergent Top Cone The above figure is of a convergent cone which is comprises of the top subdivision of the fume scrubber tower. The portion is designed in such a manner that it provides a meeting way to the fluid to flux out of the fume scrubber. The convergent form allows the fluid flow to be extracted at a higher speed ensuing in a lessening in a force per unit area. This is supported by Bernoulli ‘s equation. On the top face of the convergent cone an extractor goon is placed which will make a force per unit area differential resulting in the suction of the pure air. Scrubing armored combat vehicle: – Calciferol C Bacillus A Figure Scrubbing Tank The inner of the armored combat vehicle is enveloped in the thick of acerb cogent evidence for case acid brick and it is a location where scouring development takes topographic point. Scrubing armored combat vehicle interruptions free toxic stuff and gases from air, which so gets assorted with the H2O and is deposited in the H2O armored combat vehicle as mentioned earlier. The armored combat vehicle has three recesss and one mercantile establishment. Letters a‚? , B and C are recesss and Letter is Outlet. Inlet A is the chief recess to the scouring armored combat vehicle this is from where the air enters the scouring armored combat vehicle. The air come ining the scouring armored combat vehicle is a assorted air i.e. with drosss. The elaborate dimensions of all the parts can be found in the undertaking logbook. Inlet B is the recess from which the H2O is sprinkled in to the scouring armored combat vehicle. This sprinkled H2O is will so unite with the drosss or dust and will therefore settle in the H2O armored combat vehicle at the underside of the construction. The sprinkled H2O enters the scouring armored combat vehicle by agencies of the recirculating pump connected externally. Inlet C and Outlet D are the countries where a wadding medium is placed. The ground behind the fond regard of the wadding media is to supply a maximal surface contact between the gas and the scouring liquid by easing uninterrupted formation of droplets throughout the jammed bed. This will ensue in addition in efficiency of a scrubber. The efficiency is besides depended on the tallness of the packing stuff. This maintains a unvarying volume and flow. Besides provides a high liquid to gas ratio. Moisture Eliminator: – Figure Mist Eliminator Mist Eliminator is a device that is placed in order to maintain the liquid in the vas. The ground behind add-on of this characteristic is that without this characteristic the droplets become airborne and are carried out of the vas by traveling fluid which causes job as liquid gets collected in the part where it is non meant to be present. This device is besides referred to as Moisture Eliminator or Moisture centrifuges. The image below describes a general procedure of how a wet eliminator works. Figure Working process of a Mist Eliminator [ 5 ] As it can be seen from figure 5 Mist eliminator captures the liquid drains. Mist is carried by vapor. The overhead vapor shown in the figure is free of all the drosss that are being suctioned by the goon. RECIRCULATING Pump: – Figure Recirculation Pump The chief map of the recirculation pump is to supply H2O to the scouring armored combat vehicle. The pump is driven by the motor which is fixed to the land. The motor provides a impulsive force for the H2O to be pushed into the scouring armored combat vehicle. The H2O from the H2O armored combat vehicle is suctioned by this pump. One of the positive facets of the motor design is that it will non be affected even in the instance of a presence of chemical in the H2O. Blower is a constituent that will force the air to the ambiance. The blower consists of usher vanes that direct the air flow out of the system. Motor with Blower Figure Motor with Blower Nozzle Pipe: – Figure Pipe with Nozzle The above diagram is of a pipe holding little pores in it. These pores allow the scattering of H2O which is coming from the recirculating pump. The working of this constituent is in the same mode as that of the sprinkler. The efficiency of this portion will hold an consequence on the efficiency of the fume scrubber. This is because the sum of H2O sprinkled from this pipe will ensue in the sum of dust being collected. Hood: – A Bacillus Figure Hood The goon is a pipe linking the fume scrubber with the blower. Inlet A is connected to the top of the convergent top cone subdivision of the fume scrubber. Mercantile establishment B is connected to the blower which will so steer the air flow out of the system as explained earlier. The decompression sicknesss in the goon will do a difference in the force per unit area and this force per unit area should be overcome by the blower in order for the system to run successfully. 6 15 8 5 2 3 4 7 Operation of fume scrubber 12 11 14 9 16 10 13 1 Figure Fume Scrubber Set up Figure 10 shows a complete installing set up of the fume scrubber with each of the constituents separately labelled by different Numberss. The maps of each constituent are as explained earlier, but the following description will sketch the working of the fume scrubber in an industrial environment. First, the installing is done either in a perpendicular or horizontal orientation depending on the design specification. The design selected in this scenario is of perpendicular orientation. In this peculiar type of fume scrubber assorted air enters the recess at point 1 from the room, chamber, etc. at a specified value of the volume flow rate. Item 15 are the recesss and mercantile establishments of the packing media. The map of the wadding media is to cut down the speed of the air which is coming from the recess ( item 1 ) . This will blockade the assorted air. The air is so in the assorted province inside the point 2 ( scouring armored combat vehicle ) . At this point, the recirculation pump ( item 13 ) is started which will so pull the H2O from the mercantile establishment in H2O armored combat vehicle ( item 10 ) into the recirculation pump and is so discharged into the pipe ( item 6 ) and from this point onward the H2O so enters the scouring armored combat vehicle by agencies of sprinkler ( item 5 ) . The H2O is so assorted with the impure air. The dust atoms in the air so combines with the H2O doing it heavier and therefore deposited at the underside of the H2O armored combat vehicle. Item 3 is the wet eliminator which collects the H2O droplets and eliminates it from the vapor. This will forestall the H2O or wet from traveling into the goon via the top conelike subdivision ( item 4 ) of the scrubber. The pure air is drawn into the goon ( item 7 ) . This suction procedure is done with the assistance of the blower ( item 14 ) . The outlet terminal of the goon is connected to a subdivision of canal which consists of usher vanes ( point 9 ) , set up in such a manne r that air is directed in the upward way towards the perpendicular canal ( item 8 ) which so discharges the pure air to the ambiance. The H2O from the H2O armored combat vehicle can be extracted manually detecting the H2O quality through a crystalline screen. After the armored combat vehicle is to the full emptied the H2O can be refilled into the armored combat vehicle by an extra recess which is located at the back terminal of the H2O armored combat vehicle every bit shown as figure 16 in the figure 10. The chief characteristic of the full procedure is the proper recirculation of H2O in the system, which mixes with the impure air to cut down the pollution degrees of the incoming gaseous mixture, therefore supplying a more purified and uncontaminated air to the ambiance leting a control in the air pollution and therefore lending to the decrease in the production of green house gases ensuing in the planetary heating. Cad theoretical account of fume scrubber Figure Isometric View The CAD theoretical account was made of a jammed bed fume scrubber utilizing pro applied scientist. The fume scrubber was designed by piecing together different parts. The parts of the fume scrubber were modelled separately and so assembled together. The diagram above shows a fume scrubber with all parts assembled together. The bluish chamber has been made transparent to enable the reader to see the internal parts of the fume scrubber. The parts were explained separately in a old subdivision. The assembly was made by stipulating the restraints for each portion. For illustration, the bluish chamber is to be steadfastly attached to the ruddy base. Therefore, the restraints were specified that at the junction between the bluish chamber and the ruddy base, an Ten way and Y way restraint was applied. Another illustration is the long ruddy connection tubing that joins the bluish chamber at the top. In that instance, the restraints are that the axes go throughing through the Centres of each must be coinciding i.e. the cross subdivisions of the two tubings must be homocentric. The same can be applied to all the other parts in the assembly. After the basic construction of the fume scrubber has been made by piecing the single parts, the moving parts and the mechanisms had to be specified. The chief moving machine is the blower which made of the fan and the motor. First, the mechanism was specified. The mechanism used was a rotating articulation applied to the shaft of the fan and the blower. Then, the way of rotary motion of the mechanism was specified. Finally, the interaction with other parts of the assembly was specified. This is fundamentally to guarantee that no struggle occurs when the joint rotates e.g. such as the fan clashing with the base or with the ruddy goon. This was a really basic description of the methodological analysis employed in piecing the fume scrubber and making the gesture simulation. The figure 12 on the following page shows the front position o f the fume scrubber for better apprehension of the system and besides the construction. Figure Fume Scrubber CFD of fume scrubber The CFD ( Computational Fluid Dynamics ) analysis theoretical accounts the flow of the air through the fume scrubber. This gives a basic thought of the flight of the airstream and helps the interior decorators to modify the construction consequently. The CFD simulates how the watercourse behaves from entry to go out, and bespeaking the countries where the flow looses energy. The airstream used here is simulated at a volume flow rate of 10m3/s fluxing in from the chief recess country. Plots below are of the speed contour secret plans and of Velocity and Velocity in the y-direction. Figure: speed contour secret plan Figure: Y – speed counter secret plan The graph shows the speed of the airstream at different countries of the flow inside the chief vas. As can be observed, the speed is the highest at the top of the fume scrubber, bespeaking that the air moves at a high velocity at the top. Areas at a low speed have dveloped whirls, which result due to air at opposite speeds fluxing adjacently, doing the speeds to call off out. Looking at the Y – speed secret plan, it can be seen that some portion of the recess air flow moves upwards straight, while another volume of air moves downwardly. This portion so bounces back in to the upwards traveling air and merges with the flow. Figure: Flow Trajectory of airstream The above secret plan gives a clear simulation of the flow forms of the air flow inside the construction signifier recess to outlet. As can be seen, this trajectory representation mirrors the speed contour secret plans. Air moves from the recess in both the upwards and the downwards way. Upwards speed reaches its upper limit at the top of the mercantile establishment cone, while the other portion of the air flows back from the bottom towards the top. In the diagram, it can be seen that the air from the underside of the fume scrubber merges with the upwards fluxing air, which accelerates it further and tends to travel it towards the top mercantile establishment. The air flow simulated here is wholly disruptive. This means that the streamlines are non laminal and be given to travel in different waies once they exit the controlled infinite of the recess pipe. This pattern is true in the sense that a true complete laminar flow does non be in the existent universe, and to pattern the flig ht of the air as a turbulent fluid flow will give more accurate readings, which will be helpful in usage for farther computations which can be taken out for different parametric quantities. FEA of fume scrubber When planing a portion or constituent, it is necessary to analyze the elements and understand the forces impacting the operation of the system, and to set the construction consequently to obtain a successful theoretical account of the concluding merchandise. Transporting out the FEA ( Finite Element Analysis ) of a construction reveals the emphasis degrees, strain undertaken, and the supplanting of the construction under the applied force. There are assorted forces moving on the fume scrubber, nevertheless, the chief forces which apply a important consequence of the construction are the weight of the construction itself, the weight of the H2O in the H2O armored combat vehicle, and the force exerted by the inflowing airstream. However, sing the stuff selected for the fume scrubber, which is unstained steel 304, the initial premise is that the construction will hold a high value of the factor of safety, which is an optimal factor used to depict the dependability and sustainability of the fume scrubber. 13.1 Calculations See Appendix for measure by measure computation carried out to cipher the weight of the construction. Besides the computation for the Head losingss in the recirculation pump can be found in the Appendix. 13.2 Analysis The FEA analysis of the fume scrubber is evaluated by sing it being fixed at the base of the theoretical account. This ensures that the fume scrubber does non skid from its base. However some scrubbers might be intended to hold a sliding base, they have different specifications to go to to. Figure: fixture of the base of the H2O armored combat vehicle The forces being applied on the construction are the weight and the force per unit area due to the H2O and air. However, the air is fluxing at a comparatively low velocity and due to its low denseness, it does non impact a force sufficient plenty to associate to the weight and H2O force per unit area, therefore it is omitted from the computations for the simplification of the modeling. Transporting out engagement of the chief construction, it provides with the values of the emphasis distribution, supplanting and the factor of safety of the construction. These belongingss are really utile when depicting the sum of force that the stuff can defy. It besides suffices as to how much excess burden above the design emphasis can be undertaken by the construction if needed. Figure: emphasis distribution The figure shows the emphasis distribution across the construction due to the weight of the construction and the force per unit area on the H2O armored combat vehicle due to the H2O contained in it. As can be seen, the maximal emphasis occurs at the Centre of the H2O armored combat vehicle, which is about 39.2 MPa. This occurs because the centreline of the H2O armored combat vehicle experiences weight of the construction from the top and the reaction of the base from the underside, which tends to make a high emphasis at the center of the armored combat vehicle. Figure: supplanting secret plan The supplanting secret plan mirrors the emphasis secret plan in footings of the critical countries where the supplanting is at a upper limit. Although the supplanting is higher on the armored combat vehicle than at the other countries, the value is comparatively low, approximately 0.09034mm and does non impact the armored combat vehicle in any physical position. Figure: factor of safety secret plan As represented by the factor of safety secret plan, the minimal factor of safety is about 5.27, which occurs at the H2O armored combat vehicle. This means that the construction can at least prolong about more than 5 times the emphasis that it was designed to achieve. This reflects the dependability and sustainability of the construction, which is really important to any company willing to put in it. This besides represents a step of the life-time of the fume scrubber, detailing how long the system will work expeditiously until it is sent to be scrapped. Discussion The usage of fume scrubbers in industry is increasing and is being incorporated in different procedures such as metal intervention, metal pickling, and machining. The efficiency of fume scrubbers available today can near 99.9 % . The procedure of smoke scouring is of import for the protection of the environment and for wash uping the gases and contaminated air produced or used by the assorted industrial procedures described above. The design of fume scrubbers is a long and iterative procedure. The demands for fume scrubbers are that they must be able to scour exhausts with atoms that can be less than five micrometers in size. The operation of the fume scrubber will differ harmonizing to the rule employed. These different rules of operation have been discussed in this study in item. Furthermore, a moisture packed bed perpendicular smoke scrubber has been described in inside informations in this study with the design procedure outlined and the analysis of the scrubber. The analysis inc luded transporting out a CFD analysis to see the public presentation of the scrubber in footings of decelerating down the air and supplying the force per unit area needed for the disruptive commixture of the smoke atoms and gases with the cleansing liquid ( which efficaciously works by fade outing the gases and atoms in the exhausts ) . In this peculiar design although is non shown here, many jobs were encountered in the design of this scrubber to enable the efficient commixture to take topographic point. So, the system was modified several times to make the coveted public presentation. In the CFD analysis, as discussed in the CFD subdivision it is noted that the velocity at the recess to the scrubber of the spray ( the cleansing liquid spray ) was reduced as the country of the cross-section of the fume scrubber increased. This created some jobs in the initial design as it led to †uncontrolled † flow of the liquid spray significance that it is disruptive but, it does non follow the way intended for it to travel through. This job was solved by the aid of CFD analysis together with the fluid kineticss knowledge base. The force per unit area inside the fume scrubber is non high ( at least in this instance as the type used was packed bed type ) . If the design made were a venturi type smoke scrubber, so the force per unit area used will hold to be considered since it can be rather high. However, in the instance of the design presented here the force per unit area was non high and so it was ignored when a emphasis analysis was carried out. There are grounds for this. First, the force per unit area is really little and handling the fume scrubber as a force per unit area vas, it is seen by transporting out a simple computation that the emphasis in the walls, which will be maximal as a hoop emphasis, will non be high to be of importance. However, the perpendicular smoke scrubber besides acts a column or a prance and is subjected to a burden due to its ain weight that acts as a compaction burden ( ideally ) which can do buckling of the scrubber. Buckling is an utmost instance as the wall thickness has to be really little and the tallness of the fume scrubber really big or the stuff from which it is made is holding a low snap modulus. The FEA showed that no buckling was at that place and so the compaction strength of the scrubber was equal. There is a safety factor for the scrubber and this besides takes into history the little force per unit area rise inside the scrubber. Again, the emphasiss in the walls due to the internal force per unit area have been ignored because these are little plenty to be neglected but for a venture type, these would hold been basically included in the emphasis analysis of the scrubber. Decision The decision from the above is that the usage of fume scrubber is a really cost effectual method of cleaning procedure air from the exhausts and suspended atoms in the air. The concern director or the mill which wishes to use fume scrubbers in its operations will be benefit from improved pureness of the fumes gases and better working environment in welding and metal machining premises. The clean air is an indispensable legal demand today and the usage of fume scrubbers helps make the set aims. Furthermore, the fume scrubber reduces environmental pollution that arises due to the particulates every bit good as the acidic and caustic gases produced in the exhausts. The chief issues to see are the type of fume scrubber to use, the constellation, and the cost of the scrubber. The type will be dictated by the energy supply available to run the scrubber as the venture type scrubbers need to bring forth a high force per unit area spray which requires a big energy input. The jammed bed type h as lower energy demands. The constellation to utilize i.e. horizontal or perpendicular will be dictated by the infinite available in the premises where the fume scrubber will be installed. The concluding factor is the cost of the scrubber which can be justified by transporting a cost analysis to compare the different types of the scrubbers to utilize. Mentions: – Kingston University, ( Internet ) Available at lt ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.monroeenvironmental.com/air-scrubber-venturi.htm accessed 18/04/2010 gt ; gt ; Kingston University, ( Internet ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubber accessed on 18/04/2010 Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_bed accessed on 18/04/2010 Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L A ; Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) : Dry Scrubber. USA: Human Press Inc Kingston University, ( Internet ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amistco.com/PRODUCTS/ELIMINATORS/index.html accessed on 19/04/2010. Kingston University, ( cyberspace ) Available at lt ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynold-number-water-flow-pipes-d_574.html accessed on 21/04/2010 gt ; gt ; Kingston University, ( cyberspace ) available at lt ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Darcy_Weisbach_Formula.pdf accessed on 22/04/2010 gt ; gt ; Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol: //opencourseware.kfupm.edu.sa/colleges/ces/che/che309/files % 5C2-Experiments_Losses_in_Pipe_systems.pdf accessed on 22/04/2010. Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thermexcel.com/english/ressourc/pdclocal.htm Kingston University, hypertext transfer protocol: //mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/orifice.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.surechem.com.my/download/eijkelkamp/P2/P2-25e.pdf www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Darcy_Weisbach_formula.pdf Mention: -Kingston University ( Internet ) , available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //process-equipment.globalspec.com/learnMore/Manufaturing_Process_Equipment/Air_Quality/Scrubbers Bibliography How to cite Machinery Of The Fume Scrubber Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Behaviorism Essay Example For Students

Behaviorism Essay Chapter 1Behaviorism: A school of thought that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behaviorfocus on stimulus-response relationshipsGestalt psychology: A school of thought rooted in the idea that the whole (perception) is greater than the sum of its parts (sensation). Reaction to structuralism and functionalism-the whole is greater than the sum of the partsFreud Psychoanalysis: Theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that out motives are largely unconsciousProposed existence of unconscience and attempted to explain personality motivation and mental disorders. Skinner: Organism tend to repeat responses that lead to positive responsesHumanistic revolt: An approach to personality that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillment. Humans are basically good; humans are driven towards personal growth;disturbances as result of having needs blockedCognitive and Physiological Psychology:Electrical stimulation of parts of brains elicit different emotional response; Connection between biochemical and psychological effectEvolutionary Psychology:Examines befavioral process in terms of adaption value for a species over the coutse of many generationMulticultural Psychology: Study how culture is transmitted through socialization practices and how culture colors ones view of the world;Understanding others from their point of viewChapter 2Neuron: Nerve cells that serve as the building blocks of the nervous systemDendrite: Extensions from the cell body of a neuron that receive incoming impulsesAxon: Extensions of the cell body of a neuron that sends impulses to other neuronsMyelin sheath : A layer of fatty cells that is tightly wrapped around the axon to insulate it and speed the movement of electrical impulsesAction potenti al: An electrical impulse that surges though an axon, caused by an influx of positive ions in the neuronSynapse: The junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of anotherAcetylcholine: A neutotransmitter found throughout the nervous system that links the motor neurons and musclesEndorphins: A morphinelike neurotransmitter that is produced in the brain and is linked to pain control and pleasureCentral nervus system (structure): The network of nerves contained within the brain and spinal cordPeripheral nervous system: The network of nerves that radiate from the central nervous sestem to the rest of the body.The PNS comprises the somatic and autonomic nervous systemsSensory Neurons: Neutons that send signals from the senses, skin, muscles, and internal organs to the central nervous systemInterneurons: Central nervous system neurons that connect sensory inputs and motor outputsMotor neurons: Motion-producing neurons that transmit commands from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organsSkeletal nervous system: Autonomic nervous system: The branch of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the involuntary muscles, organs, and glandsSympathetic nervous system: A branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of various organs and mobilizes the body for fight or flightthat heightens arousal and energizes the body for actionParasympathetic nervous system: A branch of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energyEndocrine system: A collection of ductless glands that regulate aspects of growth, reproduction, metabolism, and begavior by secreting hormonesHormones: Chemical messengers secreted from endocrine glands, into the bloodstream, to various organs throughout the bodyPituitary gland: A tiny gland in the brain that regulates growth and stimulates hormones in other endocrine glands at the command of the hypothalamusBrainstem: The inner core of the brain t hat connects to the spinal cord and contains the medulla, pons, and reticular formationMedulla: A brainstem structure that controls vital involuntary functionsReticular formation: A group of nerve cells in the brainstem that help to control sleep, arousal, and attentionCerebellum: A primitive brainstem structure that controls balance and coordinates complex voluntary movementsLimbic system: A set of loosely connected structures in the brain that help to regulate motivation, emotion, and memoryAmygdala: A limbic structure that controls fear, anger, and aggressionHypothalmus: A tiny limbic structure in the brain that helps regulate the autonomic nervous system, endocrine glands, emotions, and basic drivesCerebral cortex: The outermost covering of the brain, largely responsible for higher-order mental processes4 lobes and their functions:Motor cortex: The area of the cortex that sends impulses to voluntary musclesSensory cortex: Broca area: A region in the left hemisphere of the brain that directs the muscle movements in the production of speechWernickes Area: A region in the left hemisphere of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of languageCorpus Callosum: A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheresSplit brain studies: A surgically produced condition in which the corpus callosum is severed, thus cutting the link between the left and right hemispheres of the brainChapter 3Sensation: The processes by which our sense organs receive information from the environmentPerception: The processes by which people select, organize, and interpret sensationsAbsolute threshold: The smallest amount of stimulation that can be detectedWebers law:The principle that the just-noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensitySensory adaptation: A decline in sensitivity to a stimulus as a result of constant exposureWavelength:HueIntensityPupil: The small round hole in the iris of the eye through which ligh t passesIris: The ring of muscle tissue that gives eyes their color and controls the size of the pupilLens: A transparent structure in the eye that focuses light on the retinaAccomodation: In Piagets theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to new information.Also, the visual process by which lenses become rounded for viewing nearby objects and flatter for viewing remote objectsRetina: The rear multilayer part of the eye where rods and cones convert light into neural impulsesRods: Rod-shape photoreceptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to lightCones: Cone-shape photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to colorOptic nerve: The pathway that carries visual information from the eyeball to the brainBlind spot: A part of the retina through which the optic nerve passes. Lacking rods and cones, this spot is not responsive to lightAudition: The sense of hearingFrequency: Pitch:Retinal disparity: The difference between two images we see, the greater the difference, the closer the object is to usRelative brightness: Dimmer obgects appear more distantPerceptual set: The effects of prior experience and expectations on interpretations of sensory inputGestalt: Form or WholeFigure-ground: The organization of the visual field into obgects (figures) taht stand out from their surroundings (ground)Grouping: Proximity: we group close figures togetherSimilarity: If fiqures are similar to each other we group them togetherContinuity: We percieve smooth, continues patterns rather than dicontinues onesClosure: If a figure has gaps, we complete it by filling in the gaps to create a complete whole objectBinocular cues: Monocular cues: Distance cues, such as linear perspective, that enable us to perceive depth with one eyeConvergence: A binocular cue for depth perception involving the turning inward of the eyes as an object gets closerInterposition: Nearby objects partially blick our view of more distant objectsRelative height: H igher objects appear more distantRelative motion: When we move, object at different distances change thier relative positions in out visual image with the closest moving fastestLinear Perspective: We percieve the converging of what we know to be parallel lines as indication an increase of distanceChapter 4Consciousness: An awareness of the sensations, thoughts and feelings that one is attending to at a given momentSelective attention: The ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of other stimuli, as in the cocktail-party phenomenonCircadian rhythym: A biological cycle, such as sleeping and waking, that occurs approximately every twenty-four hoursREM sleep: The rapid-eye-movement stage of sleep associated with dreamingStages of sleep and brain waves involved:Insomnia: An inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get the amount of sleep needed to function during the dayNarcolepsy: A sleep disorder characterized by irresistable and sudden attacks of REM sleep du ring the dayPsychoactive drug: A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods, or behaviorTolerance: Withdrawal: Dependence: A physiological addiction in which a drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawalDepressants: A class of drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates)Stimulants: A class of drugs that excite the central nervous system and energize behavior (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine)Hallucinogens: Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and cause hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)Sleep apnea: A disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep and awakens gasping for airNight terrors: When a person jolts abruptly from a deep sleep in a state of panic, and gives off a loud, bloodcurdling screamManifest content: According to Freud, the conscious dream content that is remembered in the morningLatent content: According to Freud, the unconscious, censored meaning of a dreamHypnosis: Attention-focusing pro cedures in which changes in a persons behavior or mental state are suggestedLSD: One of the most known elicit Hallucinogens Barbiturates: sedativeOpiates: A class of highly addictive drugs that depress neural activity and provide temporary relief from pain and anxiety (e.g., heroin, morphine)Amphetamines: stimulantHallucination: Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulationBy: Travis WondersChapter 1Behaviorism: A school of thought that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behaviorfocus on stimulus-response relationshipsGestalt psychology: A school of thought rooted in the idea that the whole (perception) is greater than the sum of its parts (sensation). Compare And Contrast The Star And The Necklace EssayReaction to structuralism and functionalism-the whole is greater than the sum of the partsFreud Psychoanalysis: Theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that out motives are largely unconsciousProposed existence of unconscience and attempted to explain personality motivation and mental disorders. Skinner: Organism tend to repeat responses that lead to positive responsesHumanistic revolt: An approach to personality that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillment. Humans are basically good; humans are driven towards personal growth;disturbances as result of having needs blockedCognitive and Physiological Psychology:Electrical stimulation of parts of brains elicit different emotional response; Connection between biochemical and psychological effectEvolutionary Psychology:Examines befavioral process in terms of adaption value for a species over the coutse of many generationMulticultural Psychology: Study how culture is transmitted through socialization practices and how culture colors ones view of the world;Understanding others from their point of viewChapter 2Neuron: Nerve cells that serve as the building blocks of the nervous systemDendrite: Extensions from the cell body of a neuron that receive incoming impulsesAxon: Extensions of the cell body of a neuron that sends impulses to other neuronsMyelin sheath : A layer of fatty cells that is tightly wrapped around the axon to insulate it and speed the movement of electrical impulsesAction potenti al: An electrical impulse that surges though an axon, caused by an influx of positive ions in the neuronSynapse: The junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of anotherAcetylcholine: A neutotransmitter found throughout the nervous system that links the motor neurons and musclesEndorphins: A morphinelike neurotransmitter that is produced in the brain and is linked to pain control and pleasureCentral nervus system (structure): The network of nerves contained within the brain and spinal cordPeripheral nervous system: The network of nerves that radiate from the central nervous sestem to the rest of the body.The PNS comprises the somatic and autonomic nervous systemsSensory Neurons: Neutons that send signals from the senses, skin, muscles, and internal organs to the central nervous systemInterneurons: Central nervous system neurons that connect sensory inputs and motor outputsMotor neurons: Motion-producing neurons that transmit commands from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organsSkeletal nervous system: Autonomic nervous system: The branch of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the involuntary muscles, organs, and glandsSympathetic nervous system: A branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of various organs and mobilizes the body for fight or flightthat heightens arousal and energizes the body for actionParasympathetic nervous system: A branch of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energyEndocrine system: A collection of ductless glands that regulate aspects of growth, reproduction, metabolism, and begavior by secreting hormonesHormones: Chemical messengers secreted from endocrine glands, into the bloodstream, to various organs throughout the bodyPituitary gland: A tiny gland in the brain that regulates growth and stimulates hormones in other endocrine glands at the command of the hypothalamusBrainstem: The inner core of the brain t hat connects to the spinal cord and contains the medulla, pons, and reticular formationMedulla: A brainstem structure that controls vital involuntary functionsReticular formation: A group of nerve cells in the brainstem that help to control sleep, arousal, and attentionCerebellum: A primitive brainstem structure that controls balance and coordinates complex voluntary movementsLimbic system: A set of loosely connected structures in the brain that help to regulate motivation, emotion, and memoryAmygdala: A limbic structure that controls fear, anger, and aggressionHypothalmus: A tiny limbic structure in the brain that helps regulate the autonomic nervous system, endocrine glands, emotions, and basic drivesCerebral cortex: The outermost covering of the brain, largely responsible for higher-order mental processes4 lobes and their functions:Motor cortex: The area of the cortex that sends impulses to voluntary musclesSensory cortex: Broca area: A region in the left hemisphere of the brain that directs the muscle movements in the production of speechWernickes Area: A region in the left hemisphere of the brain that is involved in the comprehension of languageCorpus Callosum: A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheresSplit brain studies: A surgically produced condition in which the corpus callosum is severed, thus cutting the link between the left and right hemispheres of the brainChapter 3Sensation: The processes by which our sense organs receive information from the environmentPerception: The processes by which people select, organize, and interpret sensationsAbsolute threshold: The smallest amount of stimulation that can be detectedWebers law:The principle that the just-noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensitySensory adaptation: A decline in sensitivity to a stimulus as a result of constant exposureWavelength:HueIntensityPupil: The small round hole in the iris of the eye through which ligh t passesIris: The ring of muscle tissue that gives eyes their color and controls the size of the pupilLens: A transparent structure in the eye that focuses light on the retinaAccomodation: In Piagets theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to new information.Also, the visual process by which lenses become rounded for viewing nearby objects and flatter for viewing remote objectsRetina: The rear multilayer part of the eye where rods and cones convert light into neural impulsesRods: Rod-shape photoreceptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to lightCones: Cone-shape photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to colorOptic nerve: The pathway that carries visual information from the eyeball to the brainBlind spot: A part of the retina through which the optic nerve passes. Lacking rods and cones, this spot is not responsive to lightAudition: The sense of hearingFrequency: Pitch:Retinal disparity: The difference between two images we see, the greater the difference, the closer the object is to usRelative brightness: Dimmer obgects appear more distantPerceptual set: The effects of prior experience and expectations on interpretations of sensory inputGestalt: Form or WholeFigure-ground: The organization of the visual field into obgects (figures) taht stand out from their surroundings (ground)Grouping: Proximity: we group close figures togetherSimilarity: If fiqures are similar to each other we group them togetherContinuity: We percieve smooth, continues patterns rather than dicontinues onesClosure: If a figure has gaps, we complete it by filling in the gaps to create a complete whole objectBinocular cues: Monocular cues: Distance cues, such as linear perspective, that enable us to perceive depth with one eyeConvergence: A binocular cue for depth perception involving the turning inward of the eyes as an object gets closerInterposition: Nearby objects partially blick our view of more distant objectsRelative height: H igher objects appear more distantRelative motion: When we move, object at different distances change thier relative positions in out visual image with the closest moving fastestLinear Perspective: We percieve the converging of what we know to be parallel lines as indication an increase of distanceChapter 4Consciousness: An awareness of the sensations, thoughts and feelings that one is attending to at a given momentSelective attention: The ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of other stimuli, as in the cocktail-party phenomenonCircadian rhythym: A biological cycle, such as sleeping and waking, that occurs approximately every twenty-four hoursREM sleep: The rapid-eye-movement stage of sleep associated with dreamingStages of sleep and brain waves involved:Insomnia: An inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get the amount of sleep needed to function during the dayNarcolepsy: A sleep disorder characterized by irresistable and sudden attacks of REM sleep du ring the dayPsychoactive drug: A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods, or behaviorTolerance: Withdrawal: Dependence: A physiological addiction in which a drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawalDepressants: A class of drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates)Stimulants: A class of drugs that excite the central nervous system and energize behavior (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine)Hallucinogens: Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and cause hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)Sleep apnea: A disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep and awakens gasping for airNight terrors: When a person jolts abruptly from a deep sleep in a state of panic, and gives off a loud, bloodcurdling screamManifest content: According to Freud, the conscious dream content that is remembered in the morningLatent content: According to Freud, the unconscious, censored meaning of a dreamHypnosis: Attention-focusing pro cedures in which changes in a persons behavior or mental state are suggestedLSD: One of the most known elicit Hallucinogens Barbiturates: sedativeOpiates: A class of highly addictive drugs that depress neural activity and provide temporary relief from pain and anxiety (e.g., heroin, morphine)Amphetamines: stimulantHallucination: Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulationBibliographyHuman Relations and Motavation copyright 1975McGraw Hill Book co.